Within the growth accounting framework it is possible to describe mathematically, using a simple equation, the contributions of these three elements to the overall production of an economy. By dividing the equation by the number of people in the workforce, one can derive a dynamic equation that shows how output per person increases over time. Such an equation mathematically describes the contribution to higher output of the growth rate of labor participation, of capital employed per person, and of technology (the latter also known as the growth of "total factor productivity"). If applied empirically to specific economies this equation can give a good idea of what proportion of increased output is a result of higher labor participation and better use of capital and what proportion is the result of technological progress.
Combining security information management (SIM) and security event management (SEM), security information and event management (SIEM) offers real-time monitoring and analysis of events as well as tracking and logging of security data for compliance or auditing purposes.
Real Time Labor Guide Keygen Torrent
Some SIEM solutions also integrate with third-party threat intelligence feeds in order to correlate their internal security data against previously recognized threat signatures and profiles. Integration with real-time threat feeds enable teams to block or detect new types of attack signatures.
SIEM solutions are a popular choice for organizations subject to different forms of regulatory compliance. Due to the automated data collection and analysis that it provides, SIEM is a valuable tool for gathering and verifying compliance data across the entire business infrastructure. SIEM solutions can generate real-time compliance reports for PCI-DSS, GDPR, HIPPA, SOX, and other compliance standards, reducing the burden of security management and detecting potential violations early so they can be addressed. Many of the SIEM solutions come with pre-built, out-of-the-box add-ons that can generate automated reports designed to meet compliance requirements.
Advanced real-time threat recognitionSIEM active monitoring solutions across your entire infrastructure significantly reduces the lead time required to identify and react to potential network threats and vulnerabilities, helping to strengthen security posture as the organization scales.
Assessing and Reporting on ComplianceCompliance auditing and reporting is both a necessary and challenging task for many organizations. SIEM solutions dramatically reduce the resource expenditures required to manage this process by providing real-time audits and on-demand reporting of regulatory compliance whenever needed.
Available as an on-premises, cloud or SaaS solution, QRadar offers flexible deployment options for today's evolving businesses to deploy security where it is needed most. Featuring advanced analytics, AI-driven investigations, real-time threat detection, and comprehensive IT compliance management, QRadar has all the capabilities your business needs to detect, investigate, prioritize, and respond threats across your entire organizaiton while ensuring your business continuity.
Portable genome sequencing technology and digital epidemiology platforms form the foundation for both real-time pathogen and disease surveillance systems and outbreak response efforts, all of which exist within the One Health context, in which surveillance, outbreak detection and response span the human, animal and environmental health domains.
Here, we review recent advances in genomics-informed outbreak response, including the role of real-time sequencing in both diagnostics and epidemiology. We outline the opportunities for integrating sequencing with the One Health and digital epidemiology fields, and we examine the ethical, legal and social issues that must be addressed if we are to move towards an era of genomics-informed pathogen surveillance.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have recently moved from proof-of-concept studies to routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory10. Most NGS services rely on bench-top instruments and sequencing from culture. However, when trying to proactively detect emerging infections or in many rapid outbreak responses, the aetiological agent behind a cluster is often unknown. Even if the agent is known, both the limited culture capacity in a field laboratory and the need for diagnostic turnaround times in hours, not days, preclude sequencing from culture. Sequencing directly from a sample using a portable sequencing platform is therefore more relevant in the field. Similarly, the need for a sequencer that can withstand being shipped and operated under rough field conditions, coupled with the need for rapid turnaround, make small, portable sequencers an attractive option.
From transmission to epidemic dynamics. Genomics is capable of informing not just pathogen diagnostics but also epidemiology. Pathogen sequencing has been used for decades to understand transmission in viral outbreaks, from early studies of hantavirus in the United States of America30 to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United Kingdom31; more recently, the approach has been successfully extended to include bacterial pathogens (reviewed in Ref. 32) and has come to be known as genomic epidemiology, a term encompassing everything from population dynamics to the reconstruction of individual transmission events within outbreaks32. Most transmission-focused investigations to date have been retrospective, with only a subset unfolding in real time, as cases are diagnosed33,34,35,36,37.
This new approach to surveillance is known as digital epidemiology and is also referred to as digital disease detection86. In digital epidemiology, information is first retrieved from a range of sources, including digital media, newswires, official reports and crowdsourcing; second, translated and processed, which includes extracting disease events and ensuring reports are not duplicated; third, analysed for trends; and fourth, disseminated to the community through media, including websites, email lists and mobile alerts87. At least 50 digital epidemiology platforms are currently operating88, and their flexible nature and cost-effective, real-time reporting make them effective tools for gathering epidemic intelligence, particularly in settings lacking traditional disease surveillance systems.
It is 2027, and our planet's changing climate and land-use patterns have meant that new emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are spilling over into humans from wildlife reservoirs with increasing frequency. Building off EID hotspot maps developed in 2008 (Ref. 55), a global public health consortium has implemented an online surveillance tool that scans the digital output of citizens, news organizations and governments in those regions, including data from local retailers on key health-related products, such as tissues and over-the-counter cold remedies. In one such region, the syndromic surveillance system reports higher-than-average sales of a common medication used to relieve fever. Spatial analysis of the data from the pharmacies in the region suggests that the trend is unique to a particular district; a follow-up geographic information system (GIS) analysis using satellite data reveals that this area borders a forest and is increasingly being used for the commercial production of bat guano. An alert is triggered, and the field response team meets with citizens in the area. Nasopharyngeal swabs are taken from humans and livestock with fever as well as from guano and bat tissue collected in the area. The samples are immediately analysed using a portable DNA sequencer coupled to a smartphone. An app on the phone reports the clinical metagenomic results in real time, revealing that in many of the ill humans and animals, a novel coronavirus makes up the bulk of the microbial nucleic acid fraction. The sequencing data are immediately uploaded to a public repository as they are generated, tagged with metadata about the host, sample type and location and stored according to a pathogen surveillance ontology. The data release triggers an announcement via social media of a novel sequence, and within minutes, interested virologists have created a shared online workspace and open lab notebook to collect their analyses of the new pathogen.
Ethical, legal and social issues. Sequencing-based diagnostics, particularly clinical metagenomics approaches, are still straddling the boundary between research and clinical use. In this realm, uncertainty is a certainty, be it uncertainty inherent to the technology itself or informational uncertainty, such as how accurate, complete and reliable results actually are97. Early adopters of genomics in the academic domain are used to uncertainty, often acknowledging and appraising it, but routine clinical use requires meeting the evidentiary thresholds mandated by a range of stakeholders, from regulators to the laboratories implementing new sequencing-based tests. Decision criteria that influence whether a new genomic test is adopted include the ability of the assay to differentiate pathogens from commensals, the correlation of pathogen presence with disease, the sensitivity and specificity of the test, its reproducibility and robustness across sample types and settings and a cost comparable to that of existing platforms98.
As genomics has moved into the domain of clinical and public health practice, the notion of free and immediate access to genomic surveillance data has encountered several barriers: the siloing of critical metadata across multiple public health databases with no interoperability; balancing openness and transparency with patient privacy and safety; variable data quality, particularly in resource-limited settings; concerns over data reuse by third parties; a lack of standards and ontologies to capture metadata; and career advancement disincentives to releasing data107,108,109. Despite these challenges, the spirit of open access and open data remains strong in the community, with over 40 public health leaders from around the world recently signing a joint statement on data sharing for public health surveillance110. The Ebola and Zika responses in particular highlight the role of real-time sharing of data and samples, be it through the use of chat groups and a LabKey server to disseminate Zika data111 or GitHub to share Ebola data112. 2ff7e9595c
Comments